![]() Fixed interval schedule: reinforcement is given after a specific amount of time (e.g.Variable ratio schedule: reinforcement is given after an unpredictable number of responses (e.g.every 5th time the behavior is exhibited). Fixed ratio schedule: reinforcement is given after a specific number of responses (e.g.Intermittent reinforcement: reinforcement is given only some of the time the behavior is exhibited.Continuous reinforcement: reinforcement is given every time the behavior is exhibited.There are four main schedules of reinforcement: Schedules of reinforcement refer to the timing and frequency of reinforcement (rewards or punishments) given in response to a specific behavior. From this discovery came the understanding of schedules of reinforcement. Skinner also discovered through one of his experiments that reinforcement was not always necessary following every display of the desired behavior. The basic principle of operant conditioning is that a behavior is more likely to be repeated if it is followed by a reinforcing consequence, such as a reward, and less likely to be repeated if it is followed by a punishing consequence, such as a reprimand. Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which behavior is modified by the consequences that follow it. Behaviorism has had a significant impact on the field of psychology, education, and other fields, and its principles continue to inform research and practice today. Furthermore, they believe that behavior is shaped by the environment, through processes such as classical and operant (sometimes called instrumental) conditioning, and that behavior can be modified through manipulation of the environment. Behaviorists argue that scientific methods should be used to study behavior, and that theories and hypotheses should be testable through observation and experimentation. This theory, which emerged in the early 20th century, is based on the idea that behavior can be studied and analyzed objectively, without reference to internal mental states or processes. Verified by: (Autumn Montgomery, 4 Feb), (Chelsey Berryhill, 14 July)ĭisclosure: ChatGPT3 was used in the creation of this resource.īehaviorism is a psychological theory that emphasizes the role of observable behavior in understanding and explaining human and animal behavior. But they’ll be easier to navigate, and you’ll bounce back quickly.Major Concept Summary: Classical/Operant Conditioning Learned Helplessness Learned Optimism Optimists tend to be more successful professionally, less likely to experience depression and other illnesses, and even live longer! Yes, you’ll still experience disappointments in life. ![]() Which are both leadership qualities that I’ve found can be learned. Fox also found that optimism is also largely dependent on persistence and adaptability. In a more optimistic person, the nucleus accumbens is more active, and accelerated to seek pleasure.ĭr. In a more pessimistic person, the amygdala is more active, and thus accelerated to avoid pain. She studies the neuroscience of optimism and pessimism and has found its rooted deeply in our desire either to pursue pleasure (the nucleus accumbens) or avoid pain (the amygdala) and their “dialog” with the prefrontal cortex. Elaine Fox is a professor of psychology at the University of Adelaide. And people who are optimistic as kids generally remain optimistic as they age.ĭr. And it is equally apparent across races and genders. Optimism, it turns out, is partly due to genetics. Sounds like pessimism, yes? In Seligman’s research he repeatedly exposed test subjects to continuous challenges, noting that some people persevered regardless. Some of his most profound work is on the topic of learned helplessness, the idea that what we do doesn’t matter so there is no point in trying. Martin Seligman is best known as a pioneer in the field of positive psychology. Where Does Optimism Come From? Can It Be Learned?ĭr. ![]() More details on levels on change are in this blog. These, in my experience, are where optimism can be cultivated. ![]() Note that we process change on 6 levels, and the 3 internal ones are the most potent: the Core, our identity and our beliefs. The Logical Levels of Change Ĭheck out this graphic of the Logical Levels of Change (thanks to Gregory Bateson, with some edits/rework by me).
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